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In optical physics, light can be described using Jones calculus.

Light polarization is represented by a Jones vector, with dimensions $2 \times1$:

Each light polarization has its distinct Jones vector.

$$\begin{bmatrix}x \\y \end{bmatrix}$$

and all optical elements are represented by Jones matrices, with dimensions $2 \times2$:

$$\begin{bmatrix}a & b \\c & d \end{bmatrix}$$

Each element has a distinct Jones matrix.