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Advanced Programming Techniques in D

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Introduction

Lifetimes, null Value and the is Operator

Lifetimes Fundamental Operations Null Value & is Operator Assigning the null Value Summary Quiz on Lifetimes, null Values and is Operator

Type Conversions

Automatic Type Conversions Arithmetic and Slice Conversions const, enum, immutable, and bool Conversions Explicit Type Conversions Summary Quiz on Type Conversions

Structs

Definition of Structs Construction Copying and Assignment Struct Literals and Static Members Challenge: Lets Play Cards Solution: Lets Play Cards Quiz on Structs

Variable Number of Parameters

Default Arguments Special Keywords as Default Arguments Variadic Functions Variadic Function Arguments Lifetime Challenge: Perform the Calculation Solution: Perform the Calculation Quiz on Default Arguments and Variadic Functions

Function Overloading and Member Functions

Function Overloading and Overload Resolution Function Overloading for User-Defined Types Challenge: Overload a Function Solution: Overload a Function Member Functions Member Function Example const ref Parameters const and inout Member Functions Quiz on Functions Overloading and Member Functions

Constructor and Other Special Functions

Constructor: Introduction Compiler-Generated Constructor User-Defined Constructors and the Use of static opCall()Constructor Qualifiers Immutability and Type Conversions Destructor Postblit Assignment Operator Summary Quiz on Constructors

Operator Overloading

Learn Operator Overloading Overloadable Operators Element Indexing and Slicing Operators Defining Multiple Operators Return Types of Operators opEquals()opCmp()opCall()Indexing Operators Slicing Operators opCast()opDispatch() and opBinaryRight()Challenge: Make the Unit Tests Pass Solution: Make the Unit Tests Pass Quiz on Operator Overloading

Introduction to Classes

Comparing With Structs Copying and Assignment Definition, Construction, and Destruction Member Access and Member Functions The is and !is Operator Summary Quiz on Classes

Inheritance

Introduction Inheritance Hierarchy Superclass Members Overriding the Definitions of Member Functions Using the Subclass in Place of the Superclass Abstract Member Functions and Abstract Classes Example Challenge: Implement Inheritance Hierarchy Solution: Implement Inheritance Hierarchy Summary Quiz on Inheritance

The Object Class

typeid and TypeInfo toString and opEquals opCmp toHash Challenge: Implement opEquals Function for a Class Solution: Implement opEquals Function for a Class Quiz on Object

Interfaces

Interface Inheritance static Member Functions final Member Functions Abstraction Example Summary Quiz on Interfaces

destroy and scoped

destroy()destroy() Example scoped()Quiz on destroy( ) and scoped()

Modules and Libraries

Module Importing Modules Libraries Quiz on Modules and Libraries

Encapsulation and Protection Attributes

Encapsulation Protection Attributes Module Imports and the Use of Encapsulation Example of Encapsulation in D Quiz on Encapsulation and Protection Attributes

UFCS, Properties and Contract Programming

Universal Function Call Syntax Properties Property Functions Use of Properties Preconditions and Postconditions invariant Blocks Contract Inheritance Quiz on UFCS , Properties and Contract Programming

Templates

Function Templates

Type Deduction and Explicit Type Specification

Template Instantiation and Template Specializations

Struct and Class Templates

Default Template Parameters and Template Instantiation

Class Template Example

Function Template Example

Quiz on Templates

Pragmas, alias and with

pragma(msg) and pragma(lib)pragma(inline)pragma(startaddress) and pragma(mangle)alias: Shortening a Long Name alias: Design Flexibility alias: Revealing Hidden Names of Superclasses alias this with Quiz on Pragmas, alias and with

Pointers

The Concept of a Reference Syntax Pointer Value and the Address-of Operator &The Access Operator and the Dot Operator Modifying the Value of a Pointer Use of Pointers with Arrays void* Pointers and Pointers in Logical Expressions Use of new, .ptr and in Operator with Pointers When to Use Pointers Example: A Simple Linked List Example: Observing the Contents of Memory by ubyte*Challenge: Swap the Numbers Solution: Swap the Numbers Quiz on Pointers

Bit Operations

Representation of data at the lowest level Binary Number System Hexadecimal Number System Bit Operations Semantics Common Uses Challenge: Convert ipv4 Address to its Dotted Form Solution: Convert ipv4 Address to its Dotted Form Challenge: Convert Four Octet Values to the Corresponding 32-bit Solution: Convert Four Octet Values to the Corresponding 32-bit Challenge: Make a Mask of Specified Width Solution: Make a Mask of Specified Width Quiz on Bit Operations

Conditional Compilation

Introduction debug version(tag) and version(level)static(if), static(assert) and Type Traits is Expression is (T == Specifier)is (T identifier == Specifier)is (/* ... */ Specifier, TemplateParamList)Quiz on Conditional Compilation

Function Pointers, Delegates, and Lambdas

Function Pointers Function Pointer as a Parameter & a Member Anonymous Functions Delegates Delegate Properties, Lazy Parameters & Lazy Variadic Functions `toString()` with a Delegate Parameter Chapter Summary Quiz on Function Pointers, Delegates, and Lambdas

foreach with Structs and Classes

foreach Support by Range Member Functions opApply & opApplyReverse Member Functions Loop Counter Challenge: Designing a NumberRange Struct Solution: Design a NumberRange Struct Nested Functions, Structs, and Classes Quiz on Use of foreach with Struct and Classes

Unions, Labels, goto and Tuples

Unions Anonymous Unions and Dissecting Other Members union Examples Labels and goto Tuples: tuple()Tuples: AliasSeq Tuples: .tupleof property Quiz on Unions, Labels, goto, and Tuples

More Templates

The Shortcut Syntax Kinds of Templates Template Parameters: Type and Value Template Parameters: this and alias Template Parameters: Tuple typeof Varieties Template Specializations and Meta Programming Compile-Time Polymorphism and Code Bloat Template Constraints Named Template Constraints Using Templates in Multi-Dimensional Operator Overloading Multi-Dimensional Operator Overloading Example Summary Quiz on Templates

More Functions

Return Type Attributes: auto and ref Return Type Attributes: auto ref and inout Behavioral Attributes: pure Behavioral Attributes: nothrow and @nogc Code Safety Attributes Compile Time Function Execution (CTFE)Summary Quiz on Functions

Mixins

Template Mixins String Mixins Mixin Name Spaces Mixins in Operator Overloading and Destructors Importing Text Files Example Quiz on Mixins

Ranges

Introduction and History Use of Ranges in D Phobos Ranges InputRange Use of Slices as Ranges Decoding of Strings as Ranges of dchar Ranges Without Actual Elements Infinite Ranges and Functions that Return Ranges std.range and std.algorithm Modules ForwardRange and BidirectionalRange RandomAccessRange: Infinite RandomAccessRange: Finite OutputRange Using Slices as OutputRange Range Kind Templates ElementType and Other Range Templates Run-time Polymorphism with Ranges Summary Quiz on Ranges

static foreach and Parallelism

static foreach Parallelism taskPool.parallel()Task Exception Catching and Member Functions of Task taskPool.asyncBuf()taskPool.map() and taskPool.amap()taskPool.reduce()Tuple Results with Multiple functions and TaskPool Summary Quiz on static foreach and Parallelism

Message Passing Concurrency

Concepts Starting Threads Thread Identifiers Message Passing Message Passing: Example Expecting Different Types of Messages Exceptions During the Execution of the Worker Detecting Thread Termination Mailbox Management Priority Messages and Thread Names Summary Quiz on Message Passing Concurrency

Data Sharing Concurrency

Sharing Data Between Threads A Race Condition Example Using synchronized to Avoid Race Conditions static this() and Atomic Operations Summary Quiz on Data Sharing Concurrency

Fibers

Call Stack Usage Fibers in Range Implementations Presenting Fibers as Ranges Fibers in Asynchronous Input and Output Exceptions and Fibers Cooperative Multitasking Summary Quiz on Fibers

Memory Management

Memory The Garbage Collector Allocating Memory Memory Block Attributes Alignment: The .alignof Property Alignment: The .offsetof Property Constructing Variables at Specific Memory Locations Construction and Destructions of Objects Summary Quiz on Memory Management

User Defined Attributes (UDA) and Operator Precedence

User-Defined Attributes (UDA)UDA Example The Benefit of UDA Operator Precedence Quiz on UDA and Operator Precedence

Conclusion

Struct and Class Templates

You will learn about structs and class templates in this lesson.

The Point struct may be seen as having a limitation. Because its two members are defined specifically as int, it cannot represent fractional coordinate values. This limitation can be removed if the Point struct is defined as a template.

Let’s first add a member function that returns the distance to another Point object:

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