Principles of Reliable Data Transfer

Network Layer Imperfections

The transport layer must deal with the imperfections of the network layer service. There are three types of imperfections that must be considered by the transport layer:

1. Segments can be corrupted by transmission errors
2. Segments can be lost
3. Segments can be reordered or duplicated

Let’s look at some workarounds for these problems that the transport layer employs.