Solution: Using Appropriate Assertions

using System;
namespace Project
{
    public class Planet
    {
        public double SecondsInYear { get; set; }
        public double Mass { get; set; }
        public SolarDistances SolarDistances { get; set; }
        
        public Planet(double secondsInYear, double mass, SolarDistances measurements)
        {
            if (measurements is null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(measurements));
            }
            if (secondsInYear <= 0 || mass <= 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("Orbit time and mass of planet must be positive values");
            }
            foreach (double measurement in measurements.TwelveMonthMeasurements)
            {  
                if (measurement <= 0)
                {
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("Measurements cannot contain negative measurement");
                }
            }
            SecondsInYear = secondsInYear;
            SolarDistances = measurements;
            Mass = mass;
        }
        
        public double AverageOrbitalDistance
        {
            get
            {
                double sum = 0.0;
                foreach (double measurement in SolarDistances.TwelveMonthMeasurements)
                {
                    sum += measurement;
                }
                return sum/ SolarDistances.TwelveMonthMeasurements.Count;
            }
        }
        
        public double Periapsis
        {
            get
            {
                double closest = double.MaxValue;
                foreach (double measurement in SolarDistances.TwelveMonthMeasurements)
                {
                    if (measurement < closest)
                    {
                        closest = measurement;
                    }
                }
                return closest;
            }
        }
        
        public double Apoapsis
        {
            get
            {
                double furthest = 0;
                foreach (double measurement in SolarDistances.TwelveMonthMeasurements)
                {
                    if (measurement > furthest)
                    {
                        furthest = measurement;
                    }
                }
                return furthest;
            }
        }
        
        public double GetDistanceToStarByMonth(int month)
        {
            return (SolarDistances.TwelveMonthMeasurements)[month];
        }
        
        public double GravitationalForce(double starMass)
        {
            const double gravitationalConstant = 6.674e-11;
            return (gravitationalConstant * Mass * starMass) / (Math.Pow(AverageOrbitalDistance, 2));
        }
    }
}