Apache Maven Tutorial: learn the best Java build automation tool

Maven is the most popular, de-facto build tool for Java projects. But Maven is much more than a build tool. In fact, it can be used to manage an entire project.

As a budding computer science professional, you will inevitably run into Maven POM files that can be hard to understand without knowing the fundamentals of Maven.

This tutorial introduces you to Maven concepts like plugins, goals, dependencies, and more.

Today, we will learn:

• What is Maven?
• Salient features of Maven
• Maven Plugins
• Maven POM
• Maven Lifecycle
• Maven Repository
• How to install Maven
• Advanced Maven concepts to learn next

Take your Java skills to the next level

This unique course provides easy to follow, in-browser exercises to teach Maven concepts. This course will help you quickly become proficient while working with Maven.

Build Java Projects with Maven

What is Maven?#

A build is the process of converting source code files into software artifacts to un on a computer. This process is usually managed by a build tool, a program that controls other programs.

Maven is the most popular, de-facto build and management tool for Java projects. Maven is based on the concept of a project object model (POM), which helps to automatically manage a project’s build, documentation, and reporting from a central piece of information.

Maven has become very popular over the years, and it has defined a common interface for building software. Maven’s implements plugins that can be retrieved from the Maven repository.

Simply put, Maven is a tool for building and managing Java-based projects that make work of Java developers much easier.

Maven offers support for many tasks, including:

• Easily build a Java project from scratch and without scripting
• Easily add JARs and project dependencies
• Access project information, such as log document, unit tests, dependency lists, etc.
• Update central repository for JARs and dependencies.
• Integrate a Java project with a control system

When to use Maven#

The Maven Build Tool is ideal when a project has many dependencies or when project dependency versions update often. It is also well-suited for continuous builds, integration, and testing, or when you need to generate documentation from your source code.

Maven Pros and Cons#

Salient features of Maven#

Now that we know what Maven is and how it works, let’s learn about the most salient features of this build tool. We will break these down in more detail later in the article.

• POM Files: Project Object Model (POM) Files are XML files containing project and configuration information. Maven POM files are used to execute the commands.
• Dependencies and Repositories: Dependencies are external Java libraries, while repositories are the directories for packaged JAR files. Maven repository.
• Build Plugins: Build plugins perform specific goals for your project. These are added to the POM file. Maven provides standard plugins, or you can implement your own.
• Life Cycles, Phases, and Goals: A build life cycle is made up of multiple build phases, which are simply a sequence of project goals. The build lifecycle is named a Maven command.
• Build Profiles: Build profiles a set of configuration values that allow you to build with different configurations. You add build profiles to your POM files using the profiles elements.

Maven Plugins#

Maven can accept various plugins to perform tasks. Since the core of Maven is small, plugins are essential to leverage the intelligence of this tool. Plugins are just code that implement logic to perform various tasks during the build process.

Some of the most common plugins are:

• Compiler Plugin: contains the logic to compile
• Jar Plugin: contains the logic to create jars
• Surefire Plugin: contains the logic to execute unit tests

A Maven plugin is made of goals that are a unit of work. A goal is an action we want to take on the project defined by a POM file. Take a look at this diagram to understand how these components interact:

Maven POM#

A Maven project is described by a POM file (Project Object Model), which is a declarative description of your Java project. The POM is an XML file that defines the project’s unique Maven coordinates, dependencies, required plugins, parameters, etc.

When invoked, Maven looks for the POM file in the current directory structure. Without it, an error will be thrown. Then, Maven reads the POM, gathers the configuration information, and executes the goal.

Some of the configurations that can be specified in the POM are the project dependencies, the plugins or goals that can be executed, the build profiles, and so on.

You can also specify the other information such as the project version, description, developers, and mailing lists.

Let’s look at a minimal version of a POM file.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>io.datajek</groupId>
    <artifactId>empty-project</artifactId>
    <version>1</version>
 
</project>

The file contains minimal project description without dependencies or plugins. If you run mvn install in the directory containing the above POM file, you’ll see a successful build.

There are several elements we use for creating this file:

• project: the root element of a new project
• modelVersion we recommend using version 4.0.0
• groupId: this is the unique id for the project group
• artifactId: this gives a project name
• version: this holds the project’s version number

Other elements include dependencies, name, scope, and packaging.

Maven Lifecycle#

Maven supports a build lifecycle, which is an ordered set of actions used for building a project. A build life cycle is made up of build phases, and each phase has plugin goals, which are executed when the phase executes.

To understand this better, let’s look at an example.The clean lifecycle includes:

• pre-clean
• clean
• post-clean

The phases of a lifecycle execute in order, meaning that pre-clean will execute first, clean secondly, and finally post-clean.

If we run the clean phase in an EmptyProject using mvn clean, we can specify the phase with the mvn command. When we execute the clean phase, the previous phase will also execute if it has any plugin goals.

Maven Repository#

A repository in Maven holds both build artifacts and dependencies. In software development, artifact refers to objects that are produced in the process, like design documents, data models, and workflow diagrams.

There are two main types of Maven repositories:

• Local repository: the directory where Maven runs and catches remote downloads
• Remote repositories: any other type of repository. For example, a repository set up by a third party or an HTTP server within your company.

Generally speaking, local repositories can be left alone, except for cleaning. You will need to download remote repositories, which are triggered when declaring a dependency.

Maven will download from the central repository by default.

How to install Maven#

Downloading Maven is quite easy. Start by verifying that you have Java installed. Check if your Java environment variable is set. From there, download Maven from the official site.

You can unpack the zip from anywhere in your system and add the bin directory to the PATH environment variable and system variable.

From there, cmd and run the mvm -v command. A proper installation will print the following lines:

Apache Maven 3.5.3 (3383c37e1f9e9b3bc3df5050c29c8aff9f295297; 2018-02-25T01:19:05+05:30)
Maven home: C:\apache-maven-3.5.3\bin\..
Java version: 1.8.0_151, vendor: Oracle Corporation
Java home: C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre
Default locale: en_US, platform encoding: Cp1252
OS name: "windows 10", version: "10.0", arch: "amd64", family: "windows"

Advanced Maven concepts to learn next#

You should now have a strong idea of what Maven is and how to use it in your Java projects. Maven can make your build process far easier and automate the time-consuming tasks. But there is still a lot more that Maven can offer you.

The advanced Maven concepts that you should learn next are:

• Dependency Management and Scopes in Maven
• Plugin Management
• Maven Super POM
• Aggregation in Maven

To get started with these advanced concepts and get more practice with what we’ve learned today, check out Educative’s course Build Java Projects with Maven. This unique course provides easy to follow, hands-on, in-browser exercises to teach Maven concepts like plugins, goals, dependencies, and more.

After these lessons, you’ll be working confidently with Maven in no time!

Happy learning!

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