How to achieve availability in distributed systems?

This is somewhat answered already—add redundancy in your system.

Build your system in such a way that when things go wrong, redundant resources can handle the load and continue serving your users.

In this context, let’s introduce the concept of SPoF.

Single Point of Failure (SPoF) in a distributed system means a component that can bring the entire system down if there is any failure in the node itself.

For example, your home router can be a SPoF. If the router is down, you lose access to the internet.

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