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C++20 STL Cookbook

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Introduction

About This Course

New C++20 Features

Chapter Overview Format Text with the New Format Library Use Compile-Time Vectors and Strings with Constexpr Safely Compare Integers of Different Types Use the Spaceship Operator <=> for Three-Way Comparisons Easily Find Feature Test Macros with the <version> Header Create Safer Templates with Concepts and Constraints Avoid Re-Compiling Template Libraries with Modules Create Views into Containers with Ranges Quiz: C++20 Features

General STL Features

Chapter Overview Use the New Span Class to Make Our C-Arrays Safer Use Structured Binding to Return Multiple Values Initialize Variables within if and switch Statements Use Template Argument Deduction for Simplicity and Clarity Use If constexpr to Simplify Compile-Time Decisions Quiz: General STL Features Challenge: Make Our Code Safer and Easier to Read

STL Containers

Chapter Overview Use Uniform Erasure Functions to Delete Items from a Container Delete Items from an Unsorted Vector in Constant Time Access Vector Elements Directly and Safely Keep Vector Elements Sorted Efficiently Insert Elements into a Map Efficiently Modify the Keys of Map Items Use unordered_map with Custom Keys Use Set to Sort and Filter User Input A Simple RPN Calculator with Deque A Word Frequency Counter with Map Find Long Sentences with a Vector of Vectors A ToDo List Using Multimap Quiz: STL Containers Challenge: Let's Play with Containers

Compatible Iterators

Chapter Overview Iterators Are Fundamental Create an Iterable Range Make Our Iterators Compatible with STL Iterator Traits Use Iterator Adapters to Fill STL Containers Create a Generator as Iterators Use Reverse Iterator Adapters to Iterate Backward Iterate Objects of Unknown Length with a Sentinel Build a Zip Iterator Adapter Create a Random-Access Iterator Quiz: Compatible Iterators Challenge: Reverse Everything in a String

Lambda Expressions

Chapter Overview Lambda Expressions Use Lambdas for Scoped Reusable Code Use Lambdas as Predicates with the Algorithm Library Use std::function as a Polymorphic Wrapper Concatenate Lambdas with Recursion Combine Predicates with Logical Conjunction Call Multiple Lambdas with the Same Input Use Mapped Lambdas for a Jump Table Quiz: Lambda Expressions Challenge: Output with Lambda Expressions

STL Algorithms

Chapter Overview

Copy from One Iterator to Another

Join Container Elements into a String

Sort Containers with std::sort()

Modify Containers with std::transform

Find Items in a Container

Limit the Values of a Container to a Range with std::clamp

Sample Data Sets with std::sample

Generate Permutations of Data Sequences

Merge Sorted Containers

Quiz: STL Algorithms

Challenge: Let's Dive into Algorithms

Strings, Streams, and Formatting

Chapter Overview Use string_view as a Lightweight String Object Concatenate Strings Transform Strings Format Text with C++20’s Format Library Trim Whitespace from Strings Read Strings from User Input Count Words in a File Initialize Complex Structures From File Input Customize a String Class With char_traits Parse Strings with Regular Expressions Quiz: Strings, Streams and Formatting Challenge: String With a Zero Space

Utility Classes

Chapter Overview Manage Optional Values with std::optional Use std::any for Type Safety Store Different Types with std::variant Time Events with std::chrono Use Fold Expressions for Variadic Tuples Manage Allocated Memory with std::unique_ptr Share Objects with std::shared_ptr Use Weak Pointers with Shared Objects Share Members of a Managed Object Compare Random Number Engines Compare Random Number Distribution Generators Quiz: Utility Classes Challenge: Let's Check Out the Type of Data

Concurrency and Parallelism

Chapter Overview Sleep for a Specific Amount of Time Use std::thread for Concurrency Use std::async for Concurrency Run STL Algorithms in Parallel with Execution Policies Share Data Safely with Mutex and Locks Share Flags and Values with std::atomic Initialize Threads with std::call_once Use std::condition_variable to Resolve the Producer-Consumer Quiz: Concurrency and Parallelism Challenge: Sleep in a Multithread Function Call

Using the File System

Chapter Overview Specialize std::formatter for the Path Class Use Manipulation Functions with Path List Files in a Directory Search Directories and Files With a Grep Utility Rename Files with Regex and directory_iterator Create a Disk Usage Counter Quiz: Usage of the File System Challenge: What's Inside a Path?

A Few More Ideas

Chapter Overview Create a Trie Class for Search Suggestions Implement Multiple Producers and Consumers Calculate the Error Sum of Two Vectors Build Our Own Algorithm: Split Leverage Existing Algorithms: Gather Remove Consecutive Whitespace Convert Numbers to Words Quiz: Trie, Gather Function, and White Space Removal Challenge: Remove Whatever is White!

Conclusion

Merge Sorted Containers

Learn to merge sorted containers.

We'll cover the following

How to do it
How it works

The std::merge() algorithm takes two sorted sequences and creates a third merged and sorted sequence. This technique is often used as part of a merge sort, allowing very large amounts of data to be broken down into chunks, sorted separately, and merged into one sorted target.

How to do it

For this recipe, we'll take two sorted vector containers and merge them into a third vector using std::merge().

We'll start with a simple function to print the contents of a container:

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