Gain insights into using Modern C++ for embedded programming. Learn about safety-critical systems, optimize performance, manage limited resources, and handle parallel execution effectively.

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C++11

C++ 17

Embedded Programming with Modern C++  is highly valuable for each professional programmer.

In the past, embedded and system programming have had their pitfalls, but modern C++ has been designed to be a better language for this type of development, addressing the previous pitfalls/requirements explicitly. What are these requirements? Embedded systems deal with safety-critical systems, meaning they must guarantee high performance combined with limited resources, while also working in parallel.

The scope of this course goes beyond just embedded programming. Developers who write servers, games, or trading systems may especially benefit from this course because they also have to deal with safety-critical systems, high performance, reduced resources, and parallel execution in their jobs.

To get the most out of the course, you only need a basic understanding of C++. Building off this understanding, this course goes over all the essentials of embedded programming with Modern C++.

Let's get started!

Embedded Programming with Modern C++

Atomics are the base of the C++ memory model. By default, the strong version of the memory model is applied to atomics. Therefore, it is important to understand the features of the strong memory model and their relation to atomics. 

> <img src="/api/collection/10370001/6066104977850368/page/4580102618742784/image/6441996354846720" width="35"> Atomic operations on atomics define the synchronization and ordering constraints.

## Kinds of Atomic Operations

There are three different kinds of atomic operations:

* Read operation: `memory_order_acquire` and `memory_order_consume`
* Write operation: `memory_order_release`
* Read-modify-write operation: `memory_order_acq_rel` and `memory_order_seq_cst`

`memory_order_relaxed` defines neither synchronization nor ordering constraints, and it does not fit in this taxonomy.


The following table orders the atomic operations based on their various reading and/or writing characteristics.


| **Operation**  |   **read**   |     **write**    | **read-modify-write** |  
|----------------|:------------:|:----------------:|:--------------:| 
| `test_and_set` |              |                  |      yes       |  
| `clear`        |              |      yes         |                |
| `is_lock_free` |     yes      |                  |                | 
| `load`         |      yes     |                  |                |
|    `store`     |              |     yes          |                |
| `exchange`     |              |                  |     yes        |
| `compare_exchange_strong`  `compare_exchange_weak`|   |                  |            yes |
| `fetch_add`, `+=`   `fetch_sub`, `-=` |           |                  |     yes        | 
| `fetch_or`, `|=`  `fetch_and`, `&=`   `fetch_xor`, `^=` |            |                  |      yes       | 
| `++`, `--` |                  |                  |    yes         |

> **Note:** There is no multiplication or division in atomic operations.



# Kinds of Atomic Operations

There are three different kinds of atomic operations:

* Read operation: `memory_order_acquire` and `memory_order_consume`
* Write operation: `memory_order_release`
* Read-modify-write operation: `memory_order_acq_rel` and `memory_order_seq_cst`

`memory_order_relaxed` defines neither synchronization nor ordering constraints, and it does not fit in this taxonomy.


The following table orders the atomic operations based on their various reading and/or writing characteristics.


| **Operation**  |   **read**   |     **write**    | **read-modify-write** |  
|----------------|:------------:|:----------------:|:--------------:| 
| `test_and_set` |              |                  |      yes       |  
| `clear`        |              |      yes         |                |
| `is_lock_free` |     yes      |                  |                | 
| `load`         |      yes     |                  |                |
|    `store`     |              |     yes          |                |
| `exchange`     |              |                  |     yes        |
| `compare_exchange_strong`  `compare_exchange_weak`|   |                  |            yes |
| `fetch_add`, `+=`   `fetch_sub`, `-=` |           |                  |     yes        | 
| `fetch_or`, `|=`  `fetch_and`, `&=`   `fetch_xor`, `^=` |            |                  |      yes       | 
| `++`, `--` |                  |                  |    yes         |

> **Note:** There is no multiplication or division in atomic operations.



In this lesson, we will discuss atomics and the different kinds of atomic operations.

Introduction

Safety-Critical Systems

High Performance

Reduced Resources

Several Tasks Simultaneously

Conclusion

Atomics

Kinds of Atomic Operations