Gain insights into using Modern C++ for embedded programming. Learn about safety-critical systems, optimize performance, manage limited resources, and handle parallel execution effectively.

waleed1.tar.gz

C++11

C++ 17

Embedded Programming with Modern C++  is highly valuable for each professional programmer.

In the past, embedded and system programming have had their pitfalls, but modern C++ has been designed to be a better language for this type of development, addressing the previous pitfalls/requirements explicitly. What are these requirements? Embedded systems deal with safety-critical systems, meaning they must guarantee high performance combined with limited resources, while also working in parallel.

The scope of this course goes beyond just embedded programming. Developers who write servers, games, or trading systems may especially benefit from this course because they also have to deal with safety-critical systems, high performance, reduced resources, and parallel execution in their jobs.

To get the most out of the course, you only need a basic understanding of C++. Building off this understanding, this course goes over all the essentials of embedded programming with Modern C++.

Let's get started!

Embedded Programming with Modern C++

//userDefinedLiteral.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <ostream>

namespace Distance{
  class MyDistance{
    public:
      MyDistance(double i):m(i){}

      friend MyDistance operator +(const MyDistance& a, const MyDistance& b){
        return MyDistance(a.m + b.m);
      }
      friend MyDistance operator -(const MyDistance& a, const MyDistance& b){
        return MyDistance(a.m - b.m);
      }

      friend std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream &out, const MyDistance& myDist){
        out << myDist.m << " m";
         return out;
      }
    private:
      double m;

  };

  namespace Unit{
    MyDistance operator "" _km(long double d){
      return MyDistance(1000*d);
    }
    MyDistance operator "" _m(long double m){
      return MyDistance(m);
    }
    MyDistance operator "" _dm(long double d){
      return MyDistance(d/10);
    }
    MyDistance operator "" _cm(long double c){
      return MyDistance(c/100);
    }
  }
}

using namespace Distance::Unit;

int main(){

  std:: cout << std::endl;

  std::cout << "1.0_km: " << 1.0_km << std::endl;
  std::cout << "1.0_m: " << 1.0_m << std::endl;
  std::cout << "1.0_dm: " << 1.0_dm << std::endl;
  std::cout << "1.0_cm: " << 1.0_cm << std::endl;


  std::cout << std::endl;
  std::cout << "1.0_km + 2.0_dm +  3.0_dm - 4.0_cm: " << 1.0_km + 2.0_dm +  3.0_dm - 4.0_cm << std::endl;
  std::cout << std::endl;

}

## Explanation
* The literal operators are implemented in the namespace `Distance::unit`. We should use namespaces for user-defined literals due to two reasons. First, the suffixes are typically quite short. Second, the suffixes typically stand for units that are already established abbreviations. In the program, we used the suffixes `km`, `m`, `dm`, and `cm`.

* For the class `MyDistance`, we overloaded the basic arithmetic operators (lines 10 - 15) and the output operator (lines 17 - 19). The operators are global functions, and can use - thanks to their friendship - the internals of the class. We store the output distance in the `private` variable `m`. 

* We display, in lines 48 - 51, the various distances. In lines 27 to 37, we calculate the meter in various resolutions. The literal operators take as argument a long double and return a `MyDistance` object. `MyDistance` is automatically normalized to meters.

* The last test looks quite promising:
`1.0_km + 2.0_dm +  3.0_dm - 4.0_cm`  is `1000.54` m (line 55). The compiler takes care of the calculations with all units.

 

In this lesson, we will look at an example of user-defined literals.

Introduction

Safety-Critical Systems

High Performance

Reduced Resources

Several Tasks Simultaneously

Conclusion

- Example