Explore OOP in C++ to write cleaner, modular, and scalable code. Learn classes in C++, data hiding, encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism in C++.

Become  a C++ Programmer

This module aims to teach us how to write cleaner, more modular, and scalable code in C++ by providing an understanding of OOP in C++. We'll start with the basics of object-oriented programming and build up to advanced concepts such as inheritance, data hiding, and polymorphism. Along the way, we'll explore how each concept applies to C++ and how various C++ features facilitate OOP.

Object-Oriented Programming in C++

## Overriding inherited functions
When a derived class inherits from a base class, it may choose to change some of the inherited functionality. This is called function overriding, since the derived class is *overriding* the functionality of the base class.

### Example
Here's a simple example to demonstrate this:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Employee {
  protected:
    string name;
    int ID;
    int reportsTo;
  public:
    Employee(string name, int ID, int boss) : name(name), ID(ID), reportsTo(boss) { }
    string getName() { return name; }
    int getID() { return ID; }
    int getBoss() { return reportsTo; }
    void display() {
      cout << ID << " " << name << " reports to " << reportsTo << endl;
    }

    void display(string salutation)
    {
      cout << salutation << " ";
      display();
    }
};

class Manager : public Employee {
  protected:
    string teamName;
  public:
    Manager(string name, int ID, int boss, string teamName) : Employee(name, ID, boss), teamName(teamName) { }
    void display() {
      Employee::display();
      cout << "   Heads the team " << teamName << endl;
    }
};



int main() {
  Employee worker("John Smith", 10, 2);
  Manager ceo("Jack Hobbs", 0, 0, "Eats R Us");
  Manager cto("Elizabeth Shaw", 2, 0, "IT");
  worker.display("Mr");
  ceo.display();
  cto.display();
  //ceo.display("Mr")
  return 0;
}

We have defined a base class to represent an `Employee`. Since a `Manager` is also an `Employee`, we have defined a class `Manager` that inherits from `Employee`. We have kept information that is common to all employees in the base class. A `Manager` also heads a team, so the team name is additionally placed in that class.

In the base class, we have defined two overloaded functions named `display()`. One of these takes no argument and displays all the members to the screen. The other overload accepts a `string` salutation as an argument and prepends it to the `Employee`'s name. 

In the `Manager` class, we want the `display()` method to show the team name as well, so we have overridden the base class functionality for `display()`. We want to display all the essential information from the base class as well as the team name, here. Instead of re-inventing the wheel, we have just invoked the base class `display()` function by using the base class name (`Employee`) with the scope resolution operator (`::`) on line 31. 

In `main()`, we have instantiated a `worker`, a `ceo` and a `cto` using parameterized constructors and then called their `display()` functions. 

## An important observation
Note that calling `display("Mr")` on the `worker` object works fine. However, if you uncomment line number 45 and run the program again, it fails to compile. The reason is:

> Overriding a function in a derived class hides all the overloads of the same function from the base class.

The overloaded `display(string salutation)` is not available to `Manager` class instances.

# Overriding inherited functions
When a derived class inherits from a base class, it may choose to change some of the inherited functionality. This is called function overriding, since the derived class is *overriding* the functionality of the base class.

## Example
Here's a simple example to demonstrate this:

We have defined a base class to represent an `Employee`. Since a `Manager` is also an `Employee`, we have defined a class `Manager` that inherits from `Employee`. We have kept information that is common to all employees in the base class. A `Manager` also heads a team, so the team name is additionally placed in that class.

In the base class, we have defined two overloaded functions named `display()`. One of these takes no argument and displays all the members to the screen. The other overload accepts a `string` salutation as an argument and prepends it to the `Employee`'s name. 

In the `Manager` class, we want the `display()` method to show the team name as well, so we have overridden the base class functionality for `display()`. We want to display all the essential information from the base class as well as the team name, here. Instead of re-inventing the wheel, we have just invoked the base class `display()` function by using the base class name (`Employee`) with the scope resolution operator (`::`) on line 31. 

In `main()`, we have instantiated a `worker`, a `ceo` and a `cto` using parameterized constructors and then called their `display()` functions. 

# An important observation
Note that calling `display("Mr")` on the `worker` object works fine. However, if you uncomment line number 45 and run the program again, it fails to compile. The reason is:

> Overriding a function in a derived class hides all the overloads of the same function from the base class.

The overloaded `display(string salutation)` is not available to `Manager` class instances.

Learn about overriding inherited functions

Introduction

Classes

Data Hiding

Inheritance

Polymorphism

Conclusion

Function Overriding

Overriding inherited functions

Example