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All LessonsFree Lessons (6)

Core Language

Literals

Literals User-Defined Literals C++14 Built-In Literals Raw and Cooked - Examples - Exercises - Solutions

Types

Scoped Enumerations

Automatic Type Deduction

Automatic Type Deduction: auto Refactorization with auto - Examples - Exercise - Solution Automatic Type Deduction: decltype Automatic Return Type - Example - Exercise - Solution

Casts

Explicit Cast Dynamic Cast Static Cast Const Cast Reinterpret Cast Type Information

Unified Initialization

Unified Initialization with {}- Examples - Exercise - Solution

const, constexpr, and volatile

Const Constant Expressions: constexpr - Examples - Exercises Volatile

Move Semantic and Perfect Forwarding

Rvalues and Lvalues - Example Copy vs. Move Semantics Move Semantics - Examples - Exercises - Solution Perfect Forwarding - Example - Exercise - Solution

Memory Management

Memory Allocation Release of Memory - Example Overloading new and delete Overloading new and delete: A Few Adjustments

Functions

Function Declarations - Example Function Overloading Lambda Functions - Examples - Exercises - Solution

Classes and Objects

Class Types Constructors More Kinds of Constructors Initializers for Instances - Exercise - Solution Constructor Delegation Destructors - Example Methods - Examples Request and Suppress Methods - Examples - Exercise - Solution Operator Overloading Explicit Conversion Operators - Exercise - Solution Call Operator - Example - Exercise - Solution Access Rights for Members - Example Friend Declarations Structs and Unions

Inheritance

Abstract Base Classes Access Rights - Examples - Exercise Constructor Inheriting - Example - Exercise - Solution Base Class Initializers Destructor Calls - Exercise Virtual Methods - Example - Exercise Override and Final - Examples - Exercise - Solution Multiple Inheritance - Examples

Templates

Function Templates - Examples - Exercise - Solution Class Templates - Examples - Exercise - Solution Friends - Examples - Exercise - Solution Template Parameters - Examples - Exercise - Solution Dependent Names - Example Variadic Templates - Examples Template Arguments - Examples - Exercise - Solution Specialization - Examples - Exercise - Solution CRTP - Examples - Exercises - Solutions

Utilities

std::bind and std::function - Exercise - Solution std::pair std::tuple - Exercise - Solution Reference Wrappers Type Traits Type Traits: Categories and Transformations - Examples - Exercise - Solution

Smart Pointers

Introduction Unique Pointers - Examples Shared Pointers - Examples Weak Pointers - Example Cyclic References - Example - Exercise - Solution Performance Comparison Passing Smart Pointers

1. Containers in General

Introduction Create and Delete Size Access Assign and Swap Compare

1.1 Sequential Containers

Introduction Arrays - Exercise - Solution Vectors - Exercise - Solution Deques Lists Forward Lists - Exercise

1.2 Associative Containers in General

Introduction Insertion and Deletion

1.2.1 Ordered Associative Containers

Overview Keys and Values The Comparison Criterion Special Search Functions Maps - Exercise

1.2.2 Unordered Associative Containers

Overview Keys and Values Performance The Hash Function The Details - Exercise - Solution

1. Algorithms

Introduction Conventions for_each - Exercise - Solution

1.1 Non-Modifying Algorithms

Introduction Search Elements Counting Elements Test Ranges Compare Ranges Search Ranges

1.2 Modifying Algorithms

Copy Elements and Ranges Replace Elements and Ranges Remove Elements and Ranges Fill and Generate Ranges Move Ranges Swap Ranges Transform Ranges Reverse Ranges Rotate Ranges Shuffle Ranges Remove Duplicates

1.3 More Algorithms

Partition Sort Binary Search Merge Operation Heaps Minimum and Maximum Permutations Numeric - Exercise - Solution

Callables

Introduction Functions and Function Objects Lambda Functions

Iterators

Introduction Categories Iterator Creation Useful Functions Adaptors

Strings

Introduction Create and Delete Conversion Between C++ and C Strings Size versus Capacity Comparison and Concatenation Element Access Input and Output Search - Exercise - Solution Modifying Operations Numeric Conversions

Regular Expressions

Introduction Character Types Regular Expression Objects The Search Result Match Search - Exercise - Solution Replace - Exercise - Solution Format Repeated Search

Input and Output

Introduction String Streams File Streams - Exercise - Solution The State of the Stream User-Defined Data Types Hierarchy iostream Input and Output Functions - Exercise - Solution Format Specifier - Exercise

Threads

Introduction to Threads Creation of Threads Managing Thread Lifetime Thread Lifetime Management: Warnings and Tips Passing Arguments to Threads Arguments of Threads: Undefined Behavior Arguments of Threads: Race Conditions and Locks - Exercise - Solution Methods of Threads Methods of Threads in Practice

Shared Data

Introduction to Shared Data Introduction to Mutexes Mutex Types and Locking Methods Issues of Mutexes: Deadlocks Issues of Mutexes: Avoiding Exceptions Types of Locks: std::lock_guard Types of Locks: std::unique_lock Types of Locks: std::shared_lock - Exercise - Solution Thread-Safe Initialization Thread-Safe Initialization: Constant Expressions Thread-Safe Initialization: call_once and once_flag - Exercise - Solution Thread-Safe Initialization - Static Variables with Block Scope

Tasks

Introduction to Tasks Threads vs. Tasks Introduction to std::async async: Start Policy async: Fire and Forget - Exercise - Solution Introduction to std::packaged_task - Exercise - Solution Introduction to Promises and Futures - Exercise - Solution Promise and Future: Returning a Notification Introduction to std::shared_future

Conclusion

Where to Go from Here?

C++ Fundamentals for Professionals/

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Null Pointer

Null Pointer

This lesson highlights the key features of the null pointer.

We'll cover the following...

- Properties
- Generic code

Before C++11, 0 was often used to represent an empty or null value when the NULL macro was not applicable. The issue with the literal 0 is that it can be the null pointer (void*)0 or the number 0. This is defined by the context.

Therefore, a small program with the number 0 should be confusing.

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#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
int main(){
  std::cout << std::endl;
  int a= 0;
  int* b= 0;
  auto c= 0;
  std::cout << typeid(c).name() << std::endl;
  auto res= a+b+c;
  std::cout << "res: " << res << std::endl;
  std::cout << typeid(res).name() << std::endl;
}

The variable c is of type int, and the variable res is of type pointer to int: int*. Pretty simple, right? The expression a+b+c in line ...