Gain insights into fundamental database concepts, relational databases, and entity-relationship diagrams. Learn about normalization techniques and basics of SQL to enhance database efficiency.

Databases are universal - they underlie the technology you use every day. They're a crucial component of everything from telecommunications systems, banking systems, and video games to just about any other software system that maintains some amount of persistent data.

In this course, you'll learn about the fundamental concepts of databases, why and when they're used, what relational databases are, and entity-relationship diagrams. You will also be exposed to techniques like normalization that help to increase the efficiency of databases. You'll wrap up with a look at the basics of Structured Query Language (SQL). 

After completing this course, you will be able to move onto more advanced courses involving database systems and SQL.

Database Design Fundamentals for Software Engineers

# Binary relationship type constraints

In the previous lesson, we learned that there is a degree of relationship that exists between entities. However, sometimes this degree is affected by the constraints of the organization or a particular scenario. Consider, for example, a case where the company has a rule that each employee must work for exactly one department. In this and similar cases, we would like to describe this constraint in our schema. Such rules are usually called the “constraints” on the relationship types that exist in our schema.

These constraints limit the possible combinations of entities that may participate in the corresponding relationship set. There are two main types of binary relationship constraints: **mapping cardinality** and **participation**.

Let's look at each one of them in detail below.


# Mapping cardinality

Mapping cardinality describes the maximum number of entities that a given entity can be associated with via a relationship. In this lesson, we consider only the cardinality constraint for the binary relationship. The possible cardinality for binary relationship types are One to One (1:1), One to Many (1:N), and Many to  Many (M:N).

## The one to one relationship

Given two entity sets A and B, there is a one to one relationship between A and B if each entity in set A is associated with at most one entity in set B and vice versa. 

An example of a 1:1 binary relationship is MANAGES, which relates a DEPARTMENT entity to the EMPLOYEE entity. This represents the mini-world constraints that at any point in time, an employee can manage at most one department and a department can have at most one manager. This is represented in the diagram below:

In this lesson, we will look at the two major constraints on binary relationship types.

Introduction

Fundamental Concepts

Data Modeling

Entity-Relationship Data Model

The Relational Data Model

Functional Dependencies

Normalization

Structured Query Language

Conclusion

Binary Relationship Type Constraints

Binary relationship type constraints