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Simplify Complex Operations

Simplify Complex Operations

Investigate how to operate on complex numbers.

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As compared to real numbers, a new dimension represented by the imaginary number jj is added in the complex representation. A complex number VV is simply a combination of two real numbers, one on the real axis and one on the imaginary axis, as shown in the figure below. We call the x-component VIV_I and the y-component VQV_Q.

VI=AcosθVQ=Asinθ\begin{equation}\begin{aligned} V_I &= A\cos \theta \\ V_Q &= A\sin \theta \end{aligned} \end{equation}

where AA is the distance from the origin (magnitude) and θ\theta is the angle from the x-axis.

In complex notation, the equation above can be written as:

V=AejθV=Ae^{j\theta}

Magnitude and phase

In the polar representation of complex numbers, the magnitude of VV in an IQIQ plane is defined from Eq (1) as

V=A=VI2+VQ2 \begin{equation} |V| =A= \sqrt{V_I^2 + V_Q^2} \end{equation}

where we have used the property cos2θ+sin2θ=1\cos^2\theta + \sin^2\theta = 1. Defining the phase θ=V\theta=\measuredangle V is a little trickier. It’s tempting to define it as tan1VQ/VI\tan^{-1} V_Q/V_I. However, there is a problem here, as illustrated below:

tan1+VQ+VI = tan1VQVIin [0,+π/2], quadrant Itan1VQ+VI = tan1+VQVIin [0,π/2], quadrant IV\begin{align*} \tan^{-1} \frac{+V_Q}{+V_I} ~&=~ \tan^{-1} \frac{-V_Q}{-V_I} \quad ...