Gain insights into functional programming in Python, learn about functions as objects, recursion, closures, and generators, and discover how to confidently apply these concepts to your projects.

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The functional programming paradigm can be a powerful tool, especially as it can be integrated seamlessly with procedural and object-oriented code in Python. 

In this course, you’ll learn what functional programming is, how it’s used, and the features of Python that support it. To start, you’ll learn how functions act as objects, the role of mutability, and how to perform recursion. 

In the latter half of the course, you’ll focus on closures, iterables & iterators, generators, and more. Throughout the course will be three exams which will test your understanding and really drive home what you’ve learned.  

By the end, you’ll have a new programming paradigm to add under your belt and have the confidence to start using functional programming in your own projects.

Learn Functional Programming in Python

# Inside a closure
You can look inside a closure to learn the values of its variables. Here is an example of a closure: 


def f(x, a, v): 

  def g(e): 
    print(x, a, v, e) 
  return g 
  
c = f(5, 6, 7) 

c(2)

Python provides methods to inspect an object more deeply. On line 7 in the code above, the function, `f`, returns the function object, `g`, which is assigned to variable `c`. Since the object returned is a closure, it also contains information about variables `x`, `a`, and `v` and their values. 

## Free variables 
The variables that are passed into `f` are called **free variables**. In other words, variables that are used by `f` but not defined within `f`. 

## Hidden attributes

Every object in Python has “hidden” attributes that store information about its internals. For closures, the important attributes are `__code__` and `__closure__`. These attributes aren’t really hidden, of course. You can get a list of all of their names using `dir(c)`, as shown below:


Take a look inside a closure to find out about its free variables and their values.

Introduction

Functions as Objects

Mutability

Recursion

Functional Programming in Python - Exam 1

Closures

Iterators

Transforming Iterables

Reducing Iterables

Functional Programming in Python - Exam 2

Comprehensions

Generators

Partial Application and Currying

Functors and Monads

Functional Programming in Python - Exam 3

Useful Libraries

Conclusion

Closure Inspection

Inside a closure