Gain insights into functional programming in Python, learn about functions as objects, recursion, closures, and generators, and discover how to confidently apply these concepts to your projects.

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The functional programming paradigm can be a powerful tool, especially as it can be integrated seamlessly with procedural and object-oriented code in Python. 

In this course, you’ll learn what functional programming is, how it’s used, and the features of Python that support it. To start, you’ll learn how functions act as objects, the role of mutability, and how to perform recursion. 

In the latter half of the course, you’ll focus on closures, iterables & iterators, generators, and more. Throughout the course will be three exams which will test your understanding and really drive home what you’ve learned.  

By the end, you’ll have a new programming paradigm to add under your belt and have the confidence to start using functional programming in your own projects.

Learn Functional Programming in Python

# `functools`'s `reduce` function

If the reducing functions discussed in the previous lessons don’t meet your needs, don’t worry. You can create your own using the `reduce` function. 

This function lets you define your own behavior. For example, suppose we want to reduce a list by multiplying the elements. We can do the following:


import functools, operator 

a = [2, 3, 5, 2] 
print(functools.reduce(operator.mul, a)) # 60 


Remember that `operator.mul` is a function equivalent of the multiply operator, `*`. This performs the equivalent of: 
```python
(((2 * 3) * 5) * 2) 
```

`reduce` accepts a function and an iterable. The function you supply must take two parameters. `reduce` works like this: 
1. Get the first and second values from the iterable and combine them using the function. 
2. Get the next value from the iterable. Combine the previous result with the new value using the function. 
3. Repeat step 2 for all items in the iterable. 


Learn how to make your own reduce function for iterables using "functools reduce".

Introduction

Functions as Objects

Mutability

Recursion

Functional Programming in Python - Exam 1

Closures

Iterators

Transforming Iterables

Reducing Iterables

Functional Programming in Python - Exam 2

Comprehensions

Generators

Partial Application and Currying

Functors and Monads

Functional Programming in Python - Exam 3

Useful Libraries

Conclusion

Functools Reduce

`functools`'s `reduce` function

Functional Programming in Python - Exam 1

Functional Programming in Python - Exam 2

Functional Programming in Python - Exam 3

Functools Reduce

functools's reduce function

`functools`'s `reduce` function