Gain insights into advanced Python 3, learn the Pythonic Way, explore data structures, functional and object-oriented paradigms, and master iterables, generators, and coroutines through practical projects.

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This highly interactive and advanced course will give you insight into the most common Python tricks and tips. This course is for practicing Python programmers who are aiming for proficiency in Python 3. If you want to switch from Python 2 to Python 3, this is your go-to course. 

This course will help you learn the Pythonic Way of writing code and leveraging advanced robust features to become more proficient than the average developer. You’ll start by covering Python’s built-in data structures, and then you’ll move on to different programming paradigms like functional programming and object-oriented programming. 

In the latter half of the course, you’ll focus on iterables, generators, and coroutines. You’ll also have the opportunity to work on two projects to help strengthen what you learn. In all, this course is perfect for anyone who wants to become a confident and competent Pythonista by picking up the idioms and practical tips.

Mastering the Art of Programming in Python 3

# Problem statement

In this challenge, you are required to overload the following _three_ operators for the `Vector` class we implemented in the [previous lesson](https://www.educative.io/courses/mastering-the-art-of-programming-in-python-3/operator-overloading):
+ `-`: Unary negation operator
+ `-`: Subtraction operator

In the case of vectors, `-` (unary negation) negates all the components of a vector. Whereas, `-` (subtraction) gives a vector as a result of subtraction b/w two vectors.
 
## Input

+ Unary negation operator: A vector
+ Subtraction operator: Two vectors

## Output
+ Unary negation operator: A vector with every component negated.
+ Subtraction operator: A resultant vector after a pairwise subtraction of two vectors.


## Sample input
Suppose we have _two_ vectors: `vector1` and `vector2`.
+ Unary negation operator:
 ```python3
 -vector1
 ```
+ Subtraction operator:
 ```python3
 vector1 - vector2
 ```
## Sample output
For example, if `vector1` is 2i - 3j + 5k and `vector2` is -4i - 2j + 11k then:
+ Unary negation operator: -2i + 3j - 5k
+ Subtraction operator: 6i - 1j - 6k

> 🧐 __Note__: Assume, that operands are of the correct data type.

Do not forget to use the concepts taught in the previous lessons. Feel free to view the solution, after giving it a few shots. Good luck!

# Overload the negation operator

Override `__neg__()` to overload the `-` operator.

Introduction

Built-in Data Structures

Functional Programming

Project I: Data Science with Data Structures

Data science with Data Structures

Project I Review

Object-Oriented Idioms

Iterables and Generators

Coroutines

Project II: Build Your Own Matrix Module

Build Your Own Matrix Library

Project II Review

Meta-Programming

The End

Challenge: Overload the Operators for Vectors

Problem statement