Gain insights into advanced Python 3, learn the Pythonic Way, explore data structures, functional and object-oriented paradigms, and master iterables, generators, and coroutines through practical projects.

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This highly interactive and advanced course will give you insight into the most common Python tricks and tips. This course is for practicing Python programmers who are aiming for proficiency in Python 3. If you want to switch from Python 2 to Python 3, this is your go-to course. 

This course will help you learn the Pythonic Way of writing code and leveraging advanced robust features to become more proficient than the average developer. You’ll start by covering Python’s built-in data structures, and then you’ll move on to different programming paradigms like functional programming and object-oriented programming. 

In the latter half of the course, you’ll focus on iterables, generators, and coroutines. You’ll also have the opportunity to work on two projects to help strengthen what you learn. In all, this course is perfect for anyone who wants to become a confident and competent Pythonista by picking up the idioms and practical tips.

Mastering the Art of Programming in Python 3

This section brings detailed information about an eminently used feature in Python programming. Getting a firm hold on this concept will make you a competent developer, as it brings wonders.

# The `*args` and `**kwargs` parameters
 
The `args` and `kwargs` parameters allow a function to accept _optional arguments_.
+ The keyword `args` means positional arguments.
+ The keyword `kwargs` means keyword arguments.

Let's see a simple example to get a basic understanding of these parameters.

def func(fixed, *args, **kwargs):
    print(fixed)
    if args:    # Optional positional arguments
        print(args)
    if kwargs:  # Optional keyword arguments
        print(kwargs)

func('Educative')

func('Eduactive', 1, 2, 3)

func('Eduactive', 1, 2, 3, level='advanced', language='Python3')

In the code above, we define a function `func` at __line 1__. It takes one _required_ argument: `fixed`. If `func` doesn't get the required argument, it will generate an error. The next two parameters are _optional_ arguments.  The `*args` will collect all positional arguments in the form of a tuple. Whereas, `**kwargs` will collect all keyword arguments as a dictionary. Then we are printing all the arguments one by one. We are validating the existence of positional and keyword arguments with `if` structure (at __line 3__ and __line 5__ respectively). Now, we start calling `func` in different ways:

+ Look at __line 8__. We are calling `func` with _one_ argument: __Educative__. Without any doubt, it will be assigned to `fixed` argument. The function `func` will only print __Educative__ because `args` and `kwargs` are not present.
+ Look at __line 10__. We are calling `func` with _four_ arguments: __Educative__, __1__, __2__, and __3__. Here, __Educative__ will be assigned to `fixed` argument. However, __1__, __2__, and __3__ will be retrieved as a tuple by `*args`. The function `func` will print: 
   + __Educative__
   + __(1, 2, 3)__
+ Look at __line 12__. We are calling `func` with _six_ arguments: __Educative__, __1__, __2__, __3__, __level='advanced'__, and __language='Python3'__. Here, __Educative__ will be assigned to `fixed` argument. However, __1__, __2__, and __3__ will be retrieved as a tuple by `*args`. Whereas, __level='advanced'__, and __language='Python3'__ will be retrieved as a dictionary by `**kwargs`. The function `func` will print:
   + __Educative__
   + __(1, 2, 3)__
   + __{'language': 'Python3', 'level': 'advanced'}__

> ⚙️ __Note:__ The actual syntax is `*` and `**`. Calling them `args` and `kwargs` is just a convention.

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Positional and keyword arguments of a function.

Introduction

Built-in Data Structures

Functional Programming

Project I: Data Science with Data Structures

Data science with Data Structures

Project I Review

Object-Oriented Idioms

Iterables and Generators

Coroutines

Project II: Build Your Own Matrix Module

Build Your Own Matrix Library

Project II Review

Meta-Programming

The End

Functions with Optional Arguments