Learn advanced Python 3 techniques, explore built-in data structures, and delve into functional and object-oriented programming. Discover iterables, generators, and coroutines through projects.

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This highly interactive and advanced course will give you insight into the most common Python tricks and tips. This course is for practicing Python programmers who are aiming for proficiency in Python 3. If you want to switch from Python 2 to Python 3, this is your go-to course. 

This course will help you learn the Pythonic Way of writing code and leveraging advanced robust features to become more proficient than the average developer. You’ll start by covering Python’s built-in data structures, and then you’ll move on to different programming paradigms like functional programming and object-oriented programming. 

In the latter half of the course, you’ll focus on iterables, generators, and coroutines. You’ll also have the opportunity to work on two projects to help strengthen what you learn. In all, this course is perfect for anyone who wants to become a confident and competent Pythonista by picking up the idioms and practical tips.

Mastering the Art of Programming in Python 3

# Nested functions

Before getting acquainted with closures, let's get a thumbnail of nested functions.

We discussed nested functions in detail [previously](https://www.educative.io/courses/mastering-the-art-of-programming-in-python-3/first-class-functions/#nested-functions). They can access variables of the enclosing scope. We cannot access the non-local values outside their scope. Let's look at an example:
```python3
def outer(parameter):
    def inner():
        print(parameter)
    inner()
```
Here, the `inner()` that uses `parameter` as a non-local variable can be accessed inside `outer()`, but not outside the body of `outer()`.

# What is closure?
A __closure__ is a function that remembers the variables in the enclosing scope, even if they're not in the memory. In simple words, the inner function has its scope only inside the outer function. But with the use of closures, we can easily extend its scope to invoke a function outside its scope. Let's see how to do it.

Learn how closures extend the scope of a function.

Introduction

Built-in Data Structures

Functional Programming

Project I: Data Science with Data Structures

Data science with Data Structures

Project I Review

Object-Oriented Idioms

Iterables and Generators

Coroutines

Project II: Build Your Own Matrix Module

Build Your Own Matrix Library

Project II Review

Build Data-centric Dashboards Using Dash

Meta-Programming

The End

Time Series Analysis and Visualization Using Python and Plotly

Closures

Nested functions