Gain insights into advanced Python 3, learn the Pythonic Way, explore data structures, functional and object-oriented paradigms, and master iterables, generators, and coroutines through practical projects.

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This highly interactive and advanced course will give you insight into the most common Python tricks and tips. This course is for practicing Python programmers who are aiming for proficiency in Python 3. If you want to switch from Python 2 to Python 3, this is your go-to course. 

This course will help you learn the Pythonic Way of writing code and leveraging advanced robust features to become more proficient than the average developer. You’ll start by covering Python’s built-in data structures, and then you’ll move on to different programming paradigms like functional programming and object-oriented programming. 

In the latter half of the course, you’ll focus on iterables, generators, and coroutines. You’ll also have the opportunity to work on two projects to help strengthen what you learn. In all, this course is perfect for anyone who wants to become a confident and competent Pythonista by picking up the idioms and practical tips.

Mastering the Art of Programming in Python 3

# Function: A first-class object

A __first-class object__ is an object that can be:
+ Created at runtime (assigned to a variable)
+ Stored in a data structure
+ Passed as an argument to another function
+ Returned as a value from another function

Several data types in Python are first-class objects, e.g. `int`, `string`, etc. But that's not it. Functions in Python are also first-class objects. Without any further ado, let us run a program demonstrating the nature of functions as first-class objects.

def hello(): 
    return 'Welcome to Educative'

message = hello # Assigning function as an object
print(message())

l = ['hi', message, 'bye']  # Storing function in list
print(l)

# Returning function from another function
def greeting():  
    return message()

print(greeting())    # Passing function in built-in function

In the above code, in the beginning, we make a function `hello` that returns a string. Let's see if this function clears all the requirements for being a first-class object. 

+ Look at __line 4__. We assign `hello` to a variable `message`, in the same way, we assign one variable to another. Now, the interesting part is that we can call the function as `message()`, too. It will return the same string `hello()` was supposed to return.

+ We store the function in a list `l` as an object at __line 7__. It is accessed in the same way; we access the other elements from the list.

+ At __line 11__, we make another function and that is only returning a function: `message()`. 

+ At __line 14__, we pass the `message()` function as an argument to a built-in function `print()`.

> ![](/api/collection/10370001/4607991132192768/page/5152588338036736/image/4623176504967168) __Note__: A function that takes a function as an argument or returns a function is called a __higher-order__ function. In the above example, `greeting()` and the built-in function `print()` are both higher-order functions. 

# Nested functions

Functions and nested-functions in Python.

Introduction

Built-in Data Structures

Functional Programming

Project I: Data Science with Data Structures

Data science with Data Structures

Project I Review

Object-Oriented Idioms

Iterables and Generators

Coroutines

Project II: Build Your Own Matrix Module

Build Your Own Matrix Library

Project II Review

Meta-Programming

The End

First-Class Functions

Function: A first-class object