Gain insights into enforcing web app security best practices, such as HTTPS, defending against XSS and clickjacking, managing HTTP cookies, and warding off DDoS attacks.

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There are more vulnerabilities than ever when creating applications for the web, so it is extremely important that software developers enforce security best practices such as, how to add protection through HTTP headers.

In this course, you will start off by learning how to prevent fraudulent SSL certificates from being served to clients, before moving on to how to defend against XSS attacks and clickjacking. 

In the latter half of the course, you’ll learn security practices related to HTTP cookies, and tips around security tradeoffs that you’ll make in your day-to-day work. Towards the end, you’ll learn how to ward off DDoS attacks, which is crucial when your application scales.

This course will demystify web security, and help you stay on top of important security-related concerns in your web apps.

Web Application Security for the Everyday Software Engineer

As we've seen before, HTTP follows a request/response model where a client connected to the server issues a request and the server replies back to it.

An HTTP message (either a request or a response) contains multiple parts:

* start line
* headers
* body

# HTTP requests
In a request, the start line indicates the verb used by the client, the path of the resource it wants, and the version of the protocol it is going to use.

```text
GET /players/lebron-james HTTP/1.1
```

In this case, the client is trying to `GET` the resource at `/players/lebron-james` through version `1.1` of the protocol. This shouldn’t be nothing hard to understand.

## Headers
After the start line, HTTP allows us to add metadata to the message through headers which take the form of key-value pairs separated by a colon.

```text
GET /players/lebron-james HTTP/1.1
Host: nba.com
Accept: */*
Coolness: 9000
```

In this request, for example, the client has attached three additional headers to the request, `Host`, `Accept`, and `Coolness`.

Wait, `Coolness`?!?!

Headers don't have to use specific, reserved names, but it's generally recommended to rely on the ones standardized by the HTTP specification. The more you deviate from the standards, the less the other party in the exchange will understand you.

`Cache-Control` is, for example, a header used to define whether a response is cacheable. Most proxies and reverse proxies understand this as they follow the HTTP specification to the letter. If you were to rename your `Cache-Control` header to `Awesome-Cache-Control`, proxies would have no idea how to cache the response as they're not built to follow the specification you just came up with.

> # ℹ️ Standard headers to the rescue of your servers
> 
> The HTTP specification considers multiple scenarios and has created headers to deal with a plethora of situations. `Cache-Control` helps you scale better through caching. `Stale-If-Error` makes your website available even if there's a downtime, this is one of those headers that should be understood extremely well, as it can save a lot of troubles. `Accept` lets the client negotiate what kind of `Content-Type` is best suited for the response.
> 
> For a complete list of headers I would recommend taking a look at [this exhaustive Wikipedia article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields)

## Custom headers
Sometimes it might make sense to include a custom header in the message, as you might want to add metadata that is not a part of the HTTP spec. A server could choose to include technical information in its response so that the client can simultaneously execute requests and get important information regarding the status of the server that's replying back.


```text
...
X-Cpu-Usage: 40%
X-Memory-Available: 1%
...
```

When using custom headers, it is always preferred to prefix them with a key so that they won't conflict with other headers that might become standard in the future. Historically, this worked until everyone started to use "non-standard" `X` prefixes which, in turn, became the norm. The `X-Forwarded-For` and `X-Forwarded-Proto` headers are examples of custom headers that are [widely used and understood](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers#Proxies) by load balancers and proxies, even though they [weren't part of the HTTP standard](https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html).

If you need to add your own custom header, it's generally better to use a vendor prefix, like `Acme-Custom-Header` or `A-Custom-Header`.

After the headers, a request might contain a body, which is separated from the headers by a blank line.

```text
POST /players/lebron-james/comments HTTP/1.1
Host: nba.com
Accept: */*
Coolness: 9000

Best Player Ever
```

Our request is now complete with a start line (location and protocol information), headers, and a body. Note that the body is completely optional, and, in most cases, is only used when we want to send data to the server. That is why the example above used the verb `POST`.

# HTTP responses

A response is not very different:

```text
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json
Cache-Control: private, max-age=3600

{"name": "Lebron James", "birthplace": "Akron, Ohio", ...}
```

The first information that the response advertises is the version of the protocol it uses, and the status of this response. Headers follow suit and, if required, a line break, followed by the body.

Try receiving some live HTTP responses below! Just replace the URL with any HTTP URL you'd like.


In this lesson, we'll look at the mechanics of HTTP a little more closely.

Introduction

Understanding The Browser

HTTP

Protection through HTTP Headers

HTTP Cookies

Situationals

DDoS Attacks

Bug Bounty Programs

Conclusion

How HTTP Works

HTTP requests

Headers